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The Increasing Sophistication of Location Intelligence
Pre-5G technologies, particularly indoors, can be slow or completely incapable of meeting this requirement, with underground locations such as parking garages posing an even greater challenge.
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CIO Applications | Tuesday, November 23, 2021

Fremont, CA: Telecommunications network technology advancements frequently add more challenges than benefits to lawful intelligence operations. Separating the noise from the signal in massive 5G data flows will become increasingly difficult as a result of factors such as widespread traffic encryption and unprecedented diversity, from drones to the internet of things.
Against this backdrop, 5G networks significantly improve location data and intelligence. While there are still limitations, the network technology itself offers inherent advantages over 4G and its predecessors.
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Transformations in Location Services Ushered in by 5G
With wireless communications increasingly replacing wireline, the FCC is enacting more stringent requirements for what location information communication service providers (CSPs) must be able to provide for mobile devices. These measures are primarily intended to support 911 services and their need to precisely locate people who have made emergency calls in order to provide assistance. In major market areas, current law requires longitude-latitude accuracy within 50 meters, as well as z-axis elevation data. Pre-5G technologies, particularly indoors, can be slow or completely incapable of meeting this requirement, with underground locations such as parking garages posing an even greater challenge. Buildings, walls, vehicles, and the ground are all common sources of interference for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technologies. When reverting to LTE services, location data is frequently insufficiently accurate to provide a dispatchable location for responders, especially when z-axis data is required.
The first factor to consider for better location data is that 5G uses much higher frequency signals than 4G; low-, mid-and high-band options will be available, with the high band using the highest frequency of the three and providing the fastest data speeds. Higher frequency signals also have a shorter range between the base station and the user equipment (UE), so they are associated with smaller cells. Because of the higher network density, simply knowing which 5G base station a specific device of interest is communicating with offers emergency responders or law enforcement agencies (LEAs) with far more accurate location information than 4G, as 5G cells are measured in meters or tens of meters rather than kilometers for 4G cells.
Location Intelligence in Practice
The accuracy of location information is critical not only for public safety but also for lawful intelligence operations. CSPs must be able to provide accurate location information along with communication data for lawful intercept requests. Unlike device-based positioning methods such as GNSS, which can be disabled at the UE, the network-based methods described here have no such restriction. More broadly, the improved location data generated by 5G networks enables a variety of investigative and enforcement techniques. Such techniques become more effective as the accuracy of 5G location information improves.
LEAs can use geofencing to designate, monitor, as well as report on a specific geographic area of interest, such as a closed area or a crime scene, by receiving notifications when a subject enters and exits the area. For instance, if social media chatter arose about a planned terrorist attack on a specific target, geofencing could be used to help disrupt the attack by detecting when a subject of interest enters the immediate vicinity of that target. Similarly, a post-mortem investigation could use geofencing to determine the identities of those involved or to monitor the area afterward, notifying law enforcement if any of those people returned to the area in the weeks and months that followed. Because small cells make it less likely that a UE device outside the area of interest could be connected to a base station inside, the increased accuracy of the 5G location offers more confidence that a subject of interest has indeed entered or exited a geofenced area as reported.
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